Conferences

Língua como Patrimônio Cultural: O Caso do Papiamentu, Língua Crioula Afro-Caribenha

Língua como Patrimônio Cultural: O Caso do Papiamentu, Língua Crioula Afro-Caribenha

Apresentação de “Língua como Patrimônio Cultural: O Caso do Papiamentu, Língua Crioula Afro-Caribenha” no III Congresso Internacional e Interdisciplinar em Patrimônio Cultural: Experiências de Gestão e Educação em Patrimônio, ocorrido de forma virtual de 7 a 11 de junho de 2021 a partir da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (campi Nova Iguaçu e Seropédica) e na Universidade Veiga de Almeida.

Grupo de Trabalho 8: Patrimônio, Cultura e Relações Etnico-Raciais

Apresentação PowerPoint: solicite por e-mail.

Caderno de Resumos

Resumo:

Língua como Patrimônio Cultural: O Caso do Papiamentu, Língua Crioula Afro-Caribenha

O Papiamentu é uma língua crioula afro-caribenha falada em Aruba, Bonaire e Curaçao (ilhas ABC). Apesar desta língua ter se formado há cerca de 350 anos e ser falada pela vasta maioria da população das ilhas ABC, ela só se tornou língua oficial em 2003 em Aruba e em 2007 em Curaçao, enquanto que em Bonaire, um município ultramarino especial do Reino dos Países Baixos, ele é apenas reconhecido como língua local sem status de língua oficial. Entre as línguas classificadas como crioulas no campo da Linguística, o Papiamentu se destaca por ser uma das poucas com status de língua oficial. Esta apresentação tem como objetivo analisar historicamente como se deu a formação do Papiamentu e como este idioma afro-caribenho de influência crioulo-portuguesa se tornou patrimônio cultural e símbolo de identitário nacional e regional, tendo como pano de fundo o sistema colonial holandês e sistemas educacionais que já usam parcialmente o Papiamentu, mas que ainda usam amplamente o holandês e, algumas vezes, até mesmo o inglês como línguas de instrução. Além disso, também serão examinados os principais fatores que transformaram e transformam o Papiamentu em um veículo de manifestações históricas, artísticas, identitárias, de emancipação e de independência cultural dentro do contexto afro-caribenho no qual se encontra inserido.

Papiamento y la conexión brasileña establecida mediante los judíos sefardíes

Papiamentu and the Brazilian Connection Established through the Sephardic Jews (Papiamento y la conexión brasileña establecida mediante los judíos sefardíes)

Marco A. Schaumloeffel

Article published in English in Revista Letras, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica

Schaumloeffel, M. (2020). Papiamento y la conexión brasileña establecida mediante los judíos sefardíes. LETRAS, 1(67), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-67.4

Links: Schaumloeffel – Papiamentu and the Brazilian Connection Established through the Sephardic Jews – Letras Feb2020

Abstract

This study examines the linguistic contact between Papiamentu and Brazilian Portuguese established when the Sephardic Jews were expelled from Dutch Brazil and some of them relocated in Curaçao. Three lexical items of PA (yaya, ‘nanny, nursemaid’; bacoba, ‘banana’; and fulabola ‘forefinger, index finger’) are analysed and put into their historical context to show that their presence in Papiamentu can be attributed to the contact between Brazil and Curaçao due to the forced migration of the Sephardic Jews and their servants.

Resumen

El estudio examina el contacto lingüístico entre el papiamento y el portugués brasileño, establecido cuando los judíos sefardíes fueron expulsados del Brasil Holandés y algunos se trasladaron a la isla Curazao. Tres unidades lexicales del papiamento (yaya, ‘niñera, niñera’; bacoba, ‘banana’; y fulabola, ‘dedo índice) se analizan y ponen en su contexto histórico para mostrar que su presencia en papiamento es atribuible al contacto entre Brasil y Curazao, con la forzada migración de los judíos sefardíes y sus criados.

Keywords: Papiamentu, Brazilian Portuguese, origins of Papiamentu, Sephardic Jew

Palabras clave: papiamento, portugués brasileño, orígenes del papiamento, judíos sefardíes

Citas

Buarque de Holanda Ferreira, Aurélio. Novo dicionário eletrônico da língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2009.

Câmara Cascudo, Luís da. Dicionário do folclore brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/335622.

Duarte, Rojane. “A origem e o significado de iaiá.” Ciberdúvidas da língua portuguesa, 2007, 30 Nov 2017, <https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/a-origem-e-o-significado-de-iaia/20689>.

Goodman, Morris. The Portuguese Element in the American Creoles. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.

Holm, John. An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164153.

Houaiss, Antônio. Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa. 3.0. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/d.8.2009.tde-30112009-151358

Jacobs, Bart. “The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamentu Linguistic and Historical Evidence.” Diachronica 26, 3 (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac.

Jacobs, Bart. Origins of a Creole: The History of Papiamentu and its African Ties. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511076.

Johnen, Thomas. “Frederiks, Bernardus Th. J. (2009 [1859]): Woordenlijst der in der landstaal van Curaçao meest gebruikelijke woorden; alphabetisch neu geordnet mit dem heutigen Sprachstand verglichen und etymologisiert von Johannes Kramer, Hamburg: Buske (Kreolische Bibliothek; 22),” Lusorama 97-98 (2014): 254-265.

Johnen, Thomas. Bakoba pa makaku: Sobre a problemática dos africanismos na lexicografia do Papiamentu (2014), manuscript.

Karner, Frances P. The Sephardics of Curacao: A Study of Socio-Cultural Patterns in Flux. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1969.

Kouwenberg, Silvia. “Papiamentu Structure Dataset,” Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 29 Jan 2017, <http://apics-online.info/contributions/47>.

Kramer, Johannes. Kleines etymologisches Wörterbuch Papiamento-Deutsch Deutsch-Papiamento. Hamburg: Buske, 2013.

Martinus, Frank. The Kiss of a Slave: Papiamentu’s West-African Connections. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2004.

Pessoa de Castro, Yeda. Falares africanos na Bahia: Um vocabulário afro-brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 2001.

Ratzlaff, Betty. Papiamentu/Ingles dikshonario, English/Papiamentu Dictionary. Kralendijk: TWR Dictionary Foundation/Science Press, 1995.

Rossel, Gerda. Taxonomic-Linguistic Study of Plantain in Africa. Leiden: Research School CNWS, 1998.

Rupert, Linda M. Creolization and Contraband: Curaçao in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ tla.12005_4.

Salles, Vicente. Vocabulário crioulo: contribuição do negro ao falar regional amazônico. Belém: Instituto de Artes do Pará, 2003.

Van Putte, Florimon. “Dede Pikina, de Braziliaanse Connectie En de Yaya,” Kristòf XII, 4 (2003).

O contato linguístico no Sul do Brasil – o caso do Hunsrückisch

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel

1) Palestra de encerramento “O contato linguístico no Sul do Brasil – o caso do Hunsrückisch” do VIII Encontro Internacional do Grupo de Estudos de Línguas em Contato – GELIC, realizado em Belém/PA, de 20 a 22 de novembro de 2019, na Universidade do Estado do Pará – UEPA.

Apresentação PowerPoint: solicite por e-mail.

2) Participação em mesa redonda: Constituição de corpora e a pesquisa sobre o contato linguístico em variedades de fala: questões teóricas e metodológicas, com Bruno Rocha (UFMG), Edenize Ponzo Peres (UFES), Marco Aurélio Schaumloeffel (UWI)

Website do evento: https://www.even3.com.br/viiigelic/

Syntactic Interferences of Portuguese in Brazilian Hunsrückisch

Syntactic Interferences of Portuguese in Brazilian Hunsrückisch

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel

Presentation at the 19th Annual Conference of the Association of Portuguese and Spanish-Lexified Creoles & the Summer Conference of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics

17-19 June 2019

Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

ACBLPE_SPCL2019-Booklet Download

Programme of the event Download

Website of the event

PowerPoint of presentation: request by e-mail

Abstract

Syntactic Interferences of Portuguese in Brazilian Hunsrückisch

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Brazilian Studies, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados

Brazilian Hunsrückisch (HR) is the most widely spoken variety of German in Brazil. German immigration to Brazil started in 1824 and lasted for over a century. Today, it is estimated that there are between 1.2 million Altenhofen 2017) and 3 million (Ethnologue 2018) native speakers of the Brazilian variety of Hunsrückisch. The almost 200-year-old contact situation
with Brazilian Portuguese (PT) created a favourable environment for linguistic interferences (cf. Weinreich 1953; Juhász 1980) in both languages. As result, it is common to find grammatical, lexical and semantic interferences of PT in the varieties of HR (cf. Sambaquy-
Wallner 1998; Altenhofen 1996; Damke 1997, among others). The focus of this paper is to verify the existence of syntactic interferences of PT in HR and to do an unprecedented analysis of these interferences in the HR variety spoken in the community of Boa Vista do Herval, also known as Speckhof in HR, located in the mountainous region of the Northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Data collected from 36 speakers selected according to sociolinguistic criteria based on age, gender, level of schooling, religion and income were transcribed and analysed. The main syntactic interference found in the data examined in this paper is the calquing of the verb position from the PT syntactic structure, i.e., the change for some speakers in the position of the verb in HR from a typical HR behaviour, also in line with standard German, to a verb position typical for PT. Sentences presenting this change will be analysed, showing that there effectively are syntactic interferences of PT in the HR variety spoken in Speckhof.

Papiamentu and the Brazilian connection established through the Sephardic Jews

Papiamentu and the Brazilian connection established through the Sephardic Jews

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Presentation at the 22nd Biennial Conference of the The Society for Caribbean Linguistics (SCL)
Heredia/Limón, Costa Rica 5th-12th August 2018
Conference Programme
Conference website

Abstract

Papiamentu and the Brazilian connection established through the Sephardic Jews

A direct historical connection between Curaçao and Brazil was established due to the resettlement of Sephardic Jews, their assistants, and their free and enslaved African servants from Dutch Brazil to the Caribbean after the Dutch were expelled by the Portuguese from the Northeast of Brazil. Portuguese-speaking Jews from Brazil began to arrive in Curaçao in 1659. This period coincides with the period between 1634 and 1677, considered crucial for the formation of Papiamentu (Jacobs, The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu Linguistic and historical evidence 353). Portuguese was one of the languages spoken by the Sephardi in Curaçao. From the beginning, the Jewish congregation in Curaçao even used Portuguese for their religious services; they only changed to Spanish in the nineteenth century (Holm, An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles 78). The historical facts involving the dislocation of people from Pernambuco, Brazil to Curaçao naturally lead to the assumption of a possible influence of these Portuguese-speaking Sephardic Jews and their Afro-Brazilian servants in the formation of Papiamentu (PA). Although the current body of research in PA completely discards the hypothesis of a Brazilian origin of Papiamentu, as postulated in 1987 by Goodman (The Portuguese element in the American Creoles), the intention of this presentation is to show that there are effective links between these two areas and that there probably was some secondary degree of influence from Brazilian Portuguese during the formation process of PA. Even if they existed, it certainly would be difficult to prove that some of the PA features present in the deeper layers of the language could be specifically attributed to an influence from Brazilian Portuguese or the Portuguese spoken by the Sephardi, as it probably would be difficult to clearly set them apart from the features incorporated into PA that are also present in other Portuguese variants and in West African Portuguese-based creoles. However, specific lexical items that will be discussed in this presentation show that their transfer to PA may have happened because of the dislocation of Sephardic Jews and their servants from Brazil to Curaçao. Traces of at least one of those lexical items can also be found in French Guiana and in Suriname, the final destination for some of those expelled from Brazil or the temporary destination as place of passage for others that later headed to Curaçao. Some lexical items, including PA yaya ‘nanny, nursemaid’, bacoba ‘banana’ and fulabola ‘forefinger, index finger’, will be analysed to show that their presence in PA can probably be specifically attributed to the historical connection created between Brazil and Curaçao due to the forced migration of the Sephardic Jews and their servants.

Considerations on the reciprocity and reflexivity in Papiamentu

Captura de tela inteira 29072016 164536-001

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Presentation at the 21st Biennial Conference of the The Society for Caribbean Linguistics (SCL)
Kingston, Jamaica 1st-6th August 2016
Conference Programme
Conference website
References

Abstract

Considerations on the reciprocity and reflexivity in Papiamentu

The Ibero-Romance clitic pronouns were not incorporated into Papiamentu (PA). Instead, PA has today several different possibilities to form reflexives, which replaced the Ibero-Romance clitics: paña ‘cloth’, kurpa ‘body’, null reflexive, possessive + kurpa, object pronoun, object pronoun + mes < Portuguese mesmo ‘self’, and possessive pronoun + mes (cf. Muysken 1993:286). At least two other strategies of reflexivisation or quasi-reflexivisation are not discussed by Muysken: the use of kabes ‘head’ and of the reciprocal otro ‘other’. While some of those types of reflexives are a common strategy of reflexivisation in several creole languages (Muysken and Smith 1994:271-288), some of them can also be found in other Portuguese-based creoles. Therefore, this might indicate that there is a linguistic link between PA and those creoles when it comes to the realisation of this category of function words.

The aim of this presentation is to ponder on how specifically the reflexives with kurpa, possessive + kurpa, kabes, otro and mes are realised in PA and compare them to their equivalents in other Portuguese and Spanish-based creoles in order to establish if there are linguistic ties that connect PA to them when it comes to reflexivity.

Reflexives with kurpa and possessive + kurpa are also found in the Guinea Bissau and Casamance Portuguese creoles (GBC), which in turn are usually correlated with a Kwa / Bantu substrate (Jacobs 2012:130-131), but are also present in Asian creoles like Papiá Kristang (PK) and Zamboangueño (Holm 2000:225). Reflexives or quasi-reflexives can also be formed with PA kabes, which also encounters equivalents in GBC, Cape Verdean Portuguese-based creoles and PK. Another shared feature of PA with GBC and PK is the use of ‘other’ to express reciprocity, whereas a similar syntax for PA mes can also be found in the Cape Verdean creole of São Vicente, in Principense and in PK.

Interestingly, the analysis of the available data always points towards the same direction, since the current realisation of reflexivity in PA seems to be etymologically, and sometimes even through its grammatical functions, linked to other Portuguese-based creoles and to Portuguese, rather than to Spanish or Spanish-based creoles. Holm raised two possibilities for the presence of a reflexive with ‘body’ in Asian creoles, which also can be extended to the other reflexives mentioned above: that they either spread by diffusion or arose independently through the inﬂuence of other substrate languages (2000:225). Based on their similar realisation, especially in PK, the former rather seems to be the case.

Why do Papiamento and a Creole Language Spoken in Malaysia have so many similarities?

Why do Papiamento and a Creole Language Spoken in Malaysia have so many similarities?

Two presentations at the Biblioteca Nacional Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba

Lecture in the series “Lifelong Learninig – Academic Lectures” – May, 17 2016

Diario, 09 May 2016, p. 44

IMG-20160509-WA0000

Invitation

IMG-20160510-WA0002

Diario, 2 June 2016, p. 23

IMG-20160603-WA0000

Some pictures of the two events:

Abstract

Why do Papiamento and a Creole Language Spoken in Malaysia have so many similarities?

The aim of this presentation is to make relevant considerations on the origin of Papiamento (PA). The discussion on the origins of PA still is object of controversy. Some scholars classify it as a creole language of Spanish origins and others as a creole of Portuguese origins. Recent historical and linguistic evidence suggests that PA owes its origins to the West African Portuguese creoles (cf. Jacobs, Origins of a Creole 2012).

In this presentation, the author provides further evidence in favour of the Portuguese origins of PA by doing an investigation on the historical and linguistic links existing between PA and Papiá Kristang (PK). Historical links are important, but linguistic data is the most reliable evidence of possible genetic ties between creoles. It may seem strange to compare a creole language that developed in Southeast Asia with a creole spoken in former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, since they are worlds apart. PK, a Portuguese creole spoken in Malacca, Malaysia, is not directly linked to the West African Portuguese creoles like PA, but is a Portuguese creole undoubtedly unrelated to Spanish. This fact turns PK into an interesting tool of comparison to verify possible similarities and correspondences in the PA and the PK grammatical categories, and to establish if PA carries basic Portuguese creole features. The analysis is based on linguistic data from grammars, descriptions and texts in PA and in PK. The focus are grammatical similarities and correspondences that are observed in the structure of both creoles, and the implications these have to determine a possible common origin.

To achieve this objective, a comparison of important linguistic features in the two languages will be made. The evidence suggests that the origins of PA cannot be completely analysed and understood if vital historical and linguistic links to the Portuguese language are ignored. It remains open to discussion whether these ties were solely formed via West Africa and the Portuguese creoles spoken there or not. However, this presentation intends to discard any hypothesis that excludes the fundamental role Portuguese and Portuguese creoles played in the formation of PA.

Decalques do Português no Hunsrückisch falado no Rio Grande do Sul

Decalques do Português no Hunsrückisch falado no Rio Grande do Sul

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel

Apresentação durante o VI Encontro do Grupo de Estudos de Línguas em Contato
7 a 9 de dezembro de 2015, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador – BA

Resumos (Página 57)
Site do evento
PowerPoint da Apresentação: favor solicitar por e-mail
Além da apresentação, também ocorreu a participação no minicurso ‘Language contact/genesis and grammatical development” ministrado por Claire Lefebvre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canadá.

Abstract

Decalques do Português no Hunsrückisch falado no Rio Grande do Sul

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Brazilian Studies, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados

O objetivo deste estudo é fazer o levantamento e verificar como ocorre o processo de formação de decalques na variante alemã Hunsrückisch (HR) falada em uma comunidade bilíngue do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. O uso concomitante do Português (PT) e do HR gera um ambiente propício à interferência linguística (cf. Weinreich 1953 10; Juhász 1980) recíproca. Os decalques são o resultado sedimentado das interferências linguísticas que ocorrem em comunidades bilíngues (Schaumloeffel 2007 47) e consistem, especificamente neste estudo, na tradução de empréstimos, na ressemantização (Biderman 2006 36) de termos vindos do PT. Em vez de simplesmente serem adotadas as palavras ou as expressões do PT, como, p.ex., na apropriação lexical, é feita a substituição e elementos correspondentes da língua receptora passam a ser usados. Quando ocorre o decalque, não ocorrem apenas processos semânticos, mas também sintáticos e pragmáticos. O significado no HR permanece equivalente ao do PT; o resultado, porém, é a criação de uma estrutura gramatical ou de uma expressão ou termo antes inexistentes no HR. A análise dos decalques no HR foi feita a partir dos dados levantados em gravações com 36 moradores da localidade de Speckhof, no município de Santa Maria do Herval – RS. Os informantes foram selecionados de acordo com critérios sociolinguísticos como faixas de idade, sexo, grau de escolaridade, religião e fonte de renda com o objetivo de verificar se há graus diferentes de ocorrência de decalques entre os diversos estratos estabelecidos. O estudo verificou a existência de decalques da estrutura sintática, com o verbo em posição diferente da normalmente exigida (P2) no HR, e a ocorrência relativamente produtiva de decalques semânticos provenientes de expressões lexicalizadas do PT.

Brasilianisches Hunsrückisch schreiben? / Escrever o Hunsrückisch brasileiro?

Brasilianisches Hunsrückisch schreiben? / Escrever o Hunsrückisch brasileiro? Perguntas e discussões essenciais.
Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel

Präsentation während des 9. Brasilianischen Deutschlehrerkongress – Deutsch (über)Brücken – 22.-24. Juli 2015
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – São Leopoldo – RS – Brasilien

Programm + Abstracts ISSN 2446-9092 (Abstract auf Seite 30)
Website des Kongresses
PowerPoint der Präsentation: bitte per E-Mail anfragen/solicitar por e-mail

Audio-Datei/Arquivo de áudio com as 10 frases estudadas.

Abstract
Brasilianisches Hunsrückisch schreiben?
Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Brazilian Studies, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados
Ziel dieser Präsentation ist grundsätzlich zu diskutieren, warum und ob man das brasilianische Hunsrückisch (Riograndensisch, Katharinensisch und ihre Varianten) schreiben soll. Anhand dieser Frage, werden die Vor- und Nachteile einer eventuellen Festlegung einer Schreibweise analysiert und was diese unbedingt im Kontext der Komplexität und Vielfalt der Varianten beinhalten und berücksichtigen müsste. Beispiele aus zwei komplett unterschiedlichen Kontexten, nämlich aus der Schweiz und den ABC-Inseln (Aruba, Bonaire und Curaçao in der Karibik), wo Schweizerdeutsch bzw. Papiamentu gesprochen wird, zeigen auf mögliche Wege zu Lösungen auf diese Frage. Bereits existierende Vorschläge von Schreibweisen für das brasilianische Hunsrückisch werden unter den erstellten Kriterien auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und Funktionalität getestet und analysiert.

A Comparison of Relators in Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang

A Comparison of Relators in Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang
Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Presentation at the SPCL + ACBLPE 2015 Conference
Graz, Austria 7th-9th July 2015
Conference Program
Conference Booklet with Abstracts
Conference website
References

Abstract

A Comparison of Relators in Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang

Papiá Kristang is a Portuguese-based creole mainly spoken in Malacca, Malaysia, whereas Papiamentu is a creole mainly spoken in the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao (ABC Islands). The origin of Papiamentu still is controversial, since some scholars claim that it has genetic linguistic ties with Spanish, while others have sound evidence of its Portuguese origin, especially due to its links with West African Portuguese-based creoles (cf. Jacobs, Origins of a Creole, 2012, amongst others). The comparative study of the features of Papiamentu with Papiá Kristang still is a widely unexplored field. It is uncontroversial that Papiá Kristang is an Asian Portuguese-based creole with virtually no influences from Spanish or Spanish creoles. Therefore, if there are any similarities between Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang, those can certainly not be attributed to a Spanish common base in both creoles, but rather to another common base that they share, i.e., the Portuguese language. The main aim of this presentation is to compare and analyse relators in Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang. Relators are function words and as such pertain to the closed class words, which are much less likely to be replaced in borrowability or relexification situations if compared to content words, classified as open class words. The identification of the origin of relators can serve as indication towards linguistic genetic ties that might exist between creoles and the languages that were the base for their formation. The analysed relators will also be contrasted with the same features found in some other Portuguese and Spanish-based creoles in order to establish grammatical similarities and differences, and in doing so to investigate the origins of Papiamentu and the presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole features in this creole language that today is recognized by the Dutch government in Bonaire and has official status as native language in Aruba and Curaçao.

Source: Marco

The multifunctionality of Papiamentu pa and its similarities with Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese

Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel
Presentation at the ACBLPE (Association of Portuguese and Spanish-Lexified Creoles) Annual Meeting. Stockholms Universitet. Stockholm, Sweden. June 13-15, 2017
Conference programme
Conference website
Abstracts (pages 24-25)
References

Abstract

The multifunctionality of Papiamentu pa and its similarities with Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese

The Papiamentu (PA) lexical item pa can cover several functions, operating as preposition, mood marker and complementizer. Its functions actually clearly exceed those of its equivalent Portuguese lexical item para, not only covering the semantic load of para, but also that of por and a. An equivalent multifunctionality for this lexical item can also be found in other Portuguese-based creole languages like the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creoles (cf. Jacobs, Origins of a Creole) and the Asian Portuguese creole Papiá Kristang. When analysing the PA lexical item pa, Lefebvre and Therrien (On the properties of Papiamentu pa: Synchronic and diachronic perspectives, 2007) establish that it can perform fifteen different functions. Out of those, they only find five that have an equivalent realisation in current standard Portuguese. Lefebvre and Therrien believe that PA pa is derived from Portuguese para, and that its other properties would be derived from corresponding lexical entries in the PA substrate languages, more specifically from the properties of the Fongbe preposition and complementizer nú, and the mood marker and complementizer ní. However, when Brazilian Portuguese, and especially Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese (BVP) is considered, the degree of equivalence with the PA functions of pa changes dramatically. The aims of this presentation are to show the high degree of similarity that exists between PA and BVP when it comes to the functions of PA pa, and to make considerations as to why this sharp discrepancy exists if compared to the results found by Lefebvre and Therrien for current standard PT. Apart from that, the secondary aim is to ponder why this multifunctionality and equivalence in some functions can also be found in Papiá Kristang, a Portuguese-based creole from another branch that is knowingly not directly related to PA or to the West African Portuguese-based creoles.

Translating the Presence of Portuguese in a Caribbean Creole

Translating the Presence of Portuguese in a Caribbean Creole. Why are there similarities between an Asian Portuguese Creole and Papiamentu?

Marco A. Schaumloeffel

Presentation at the Translating Creolization Symposium – May 27-29, 2015. The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados

Website of the event: www.cavehill.uwi.edu/fhe/lll/tcs

Abstract
Papiamentu (PA) is a creole spoken as main language by the majority of the population in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, and is official language in the first and in the latter. The origin of PA is controversial; a group of scholars attributes it to Spanish, due to its current lexical and phonetic similarities with Spanish, whereas another group sees linguistic genetic ties with Portuguese.

The aim of this presentation is to investigate the historical and linguistic links that might connect PA to Portuguese. Whereas historical links set the stage for eventual ties, possible grammatical commonalities in the very fabric that makes up the structure of PA may be strong indications of a genetic connection to its ancestor. Recent historical and linguistic evidence suggests that PA owes its origins to the West African Portuguese creoles. To further strengthen this evidence, this presentation will analyse key grammar elements such as function words, relators, verbal system and Time-Modality-Aspect markers, which are core elements and very strong indications of genetic ties, given their very low borrowability in contexts of relexification and formation of creoles. The analysis is done by means of comparing these PA core elements with those found in Papiá Kristang (PK), an Asian Portuguese Creole spoken mainly by only a few hundred persons in Malacca, Malaysia. It is consensus that PK is undoubtedly linguistically unrelated to Spanish. If there are similarities between PA and PK, then these can therefore not be attributed to Spanish. Although PK is used as tool of comparison, parallels with Spanish, Portuguese and other Spanish and Portuguese-based creoles will be made to establish a more comprehensive picture of possible linguistic ties between PA and Portuguese.

The evidence suggests that PA cannot be comprehensively analysed and understood if vital historical and linguistic links of this Caribbean creole to the Portuguese language are ignored.

What do Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao have in common with Malacca? The historical and linguistic links between Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang.

What do Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao have in common with Malacca? Historical and linguistic links between Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang.
Marco Aurelio Schaumloeffel

Handout
Handout SCL 2014 – Marco Schaumloeffel
Prezi Presentation

Abstract
Abstracts SCL 2014 (p. 56)

References
References used to prepare presentation

What do Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao have in common with Malacca? Historical and linguistic links between Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang.

The discussion on the origin of Papiamentu (PA) still is controversial, since it is classified by some scholars as a Spanish Creole and by others as a Portuguese Creole. However, recent historical and linguistic evidence trace back its origins to West African Portuguese creoles (Jacobs 2012, among others). This leaves little space to speculate if PA owes its origins to a variety or varieties of Spanish, but there still are many scholars who claim that PA is supposedly of Spanish origin.
The aim of this paper is to provide further evidence in favour of the Portuguese origin of PA by doing a unique investigation on the historical and linguistic links existing between PA and Papiá Kristang (PK). Historical links set the context, but linguistic data is naturally the most reliable evidence of possible genetic ties between creoles. At the first instance, it seems strange to compare a Portuguese creole developed in Southeast Asia with another creole spoken in former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, since they apparently are worlds apart.
Nevertheless, PK can ideally be used in this context, since it is a well-known and studied Portuguese creole that has virtually no Spanish influence. And if there is virtually no Spanish influence in PK, then the comparison between PA and PK may be an ideal tool to establish if PA really carries Portuguese features. Only a careful analysis can reveal if grammatical similarities are present in the structural fabric of both creoles.
The linguistic features that PA shares with PK will be analysed and compared in this paper through four relevant aspects of grammatical categories: Formation and use of TMA markers (Tense, Mood, Aspect), the multifunctionality of the lexical item ‘ku’, word reduplication and its grammatical functions, and analysis of two auxiliary verbs.
The evidence indicates that the origins of PA cannot be comprehensively analysed and understood if vital historical and linguistic links to the Portuguese language are ignored. These ties were formed via West Africa and the Portuguese creoles spoken there, and possibly also influenced by the immigration of Sephardic Jews and their servants from Dutch Brazil to Curaçao. Despite not being genetically linked to West African Portuguese creoles, but because it is a Portuguese creole undoubtedly unrelated to Spanish, PK acts as an ideal tool of comparison in this case. As result, this paper definitively refutes any hypothesis that excludes the fundamental role of Portuguese and Portuguese creoles in the formation of PA.

Participação na mesa-redonda "A diáspora africana e a construção do Brasil"

A diáspora africana e a construção do Brasil

Participação na mesa-redonda “A diáspora africana e a construção do Brasil”, com os professores Joel Rufino dos Santos (RJ) e Rafael Sanzio (DF). A mesa-redonda fez parte do Seminário “Narrativas Contemporâneas da História do Brasil”, da II Bienal Brasil do Livro e da Leitura. O evento ocorreu de 11 a 21 de abril de 2014, em Brasília, Brasil. Eu falei sobre a fascinante história dos Tabons e como eles formam uma diáspora afro-brasileira no Gana.
Website do evento: www.bienalbrasildolivro.com.br
Programação do dia 15.04.2014: programação

Ariano Suassuna foi o grande homenageado da Bienal. A homenagem foi linda e merecida. Este foi provavelmente o último evento literário do qual participou, infelizmente faleceu poucas semanas depois.

Links:
1) Guia UOL
2) Acha Brasília
3) Globo.com

What do Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao have in common with Malacca? The historical and linguistic links between Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang

Presentation – References

What do Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao have in common with Malacca?
The historical and linguistic links between Papiamentu and Papiá Kristang

pdf file with references used

The Portuguese, West African and Brazilian Origins of Papiamentu

Abstract of presentation done at the 19th Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, Nassau, The Bahamas, 30 July – 3 August 2012

Source: http://www.scl-online.net/Conferences/Past/2012_abstracts.pdf p. 58-9

SCHAUMLOEFFEL, Marco
The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill

The Portuguese, West African and Brazilian Origins of Papiamentu

The genesis of Papiamentu (PA) still is controversial and scholars explain it through different hypotheses. Amongst others, Maduro (1966) and Munteanu (1996) classify it as a Spanish creole, since the Spaniards were the first to colonise the ABC Islands, where PA is spoken today; Martinus (1996) and Jacobs (2009) defend the Afro-Portuguese roots of PA, which would be linked to the transatlantic slave trade, whereas Goodman (1987) claims that PA would trace back its origins to a Brazilian creole brought to the Caribbean by Sephardic Jews and their servants who immigrated from Dutch Brazil to Curaçao after the recapture of Pernambuco by the Portuguese.
Differently from previous studies, the aim of this paper is to show that both the Afro-Portuguese and the Brazilian
hypothesis are complementary and necessarily must be considered when investigating the origins of PA, namely the role of the Portuguese language in Africa and the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade, the historical links between the ABC Islands and West Africa, and between Curaçao and Brazil. After a century of unsystematic rule, the Spaniards abandoned the ABC Islands and declared them islas inútiles or useless islands. In 1634, the Dutch occupied Curaçao and expelled almost all Amerindians to Venezuela. Even if the handful remaining Caiquetíos would have spoken Spanish or a Spanish creole after the Spanish absence, this fact hardly could have been decisive in the formation of PA, given the high influx of people from West Africa and Dutch Brazil.
History alone obviously cannot be used as the only evidence to support the claim that PA can trace back its origins to Portuguese and the Portuguese Creoles spoken in Europe, West Africa and Brazil, but it certainly is a component that plays a vital role to understand its origins. In this context the historic links between West Africa, Brazil and the ABC Islands will be examined. Linguistic data is naturally the most reliable evidence.
The linguistic features that PA shares with Portuguese and creoles of Portuguese basis will be thoroughly analysed in a future paper. Shared linguistic features between Fá d’Ambô (Annobonese) and PA and Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese and PA will be the object of the study. Therefore, the historical component here investigated should only be considered the first pillar of a more extensive and complete study. Both components combined, however, certainly provide a broader and more comprehensive scenario as to why it may be possible to trace back the origins of Papiamentu to Portuguese and Creoles of Portuguese origin.
The evidence shows that the history of the formation of PA cannot be comprehensively analysed and understood if vital historical links to the Portuguese language, to West Africa and Portuguese Creoles spoken in Africa, and to the immigration of Sephardic Jews and their servants from Dutch Brazil to Curaçao are ignored. As result, this paper definitively refutes any hypothesis that excludes the fundamental role of Portuguese and Portuguese creoles in the formation of PA.

Präsentation "Konkrete Beispiele in der Verbandsarbeit"

Datei:
Präsentation “Konkrete Beispiele in der Verbandsarbeit – Exemplos concretos de trabalho nas associações”, Belo Horizonte, Brasil, Aug. 2010 (pdf-Datei)

Interferenz des Portugiesischen im deutschen Dialekt von Boa Vista do Herval, Rio Grande do Sul

Artikel in den Tagungsakten des VI. Brasilianischen Deutschlehrerkongresses und des I. Lateinamerikanischen Deutschlehrerkongresses, São Paulo, Brasilien, 27.07.2006

“Deutsch in Südamerika: Neue Wege – Neue Perspektiven”

Inhaltsverzeichnis: http://www.abrapa.org.br/cd/beitrage.htm

Artikel
SCHAUMLOEFFEL, Marco Aurelio. Interferenz des Portugiesischen im deutschen Dialekt von Boa Vista do Herval, Rio Grande do Sul. In: I Congresso Latino-Americano de Professores de Alemão & VI Congresso Brasileiro de Professores de Alemão, 2006, São Paulo, Brasil. Tagungsakten des VI. Brasilianischen Deutschlehrerkongresses. São Paulo: Abrapa, 2006

http://www.schaumloeffel.net/textos/interferenz.pdf

Source: Marco